I. General Structure Most paragraphs in an essay parallel the general three-part structure of each section of a research paper and, by extension, the overall research paper, with an introduction, a body that includes facts and analysis, and a conclusion. You can see this structure in paragraphs whether they are narrating, describing, comparing, contrasting, or analyzing information. Each part of the paragraph plays an important role in communicating the meaning you intend to covey to the reader. Introduction the first section of a paragraph; should include the topic sentence and any other sentences at the beginning of the paragraph that give background information or provide a transition. Body follows the introduction; discusses the controlling idea, using facts, arguments, analysis, examples, and other information. Conclusion the final section; summarizes the connections between the information discussed in the body of the paragraph and the paragraph’s controlling idea. For long paragraphs, you may also want to include a bridge sentence that introduces the next paragraph or section of the paper. In some instances, the bridge sentence can be written in the form of a question. However, use this rhetorical device sparingly, otherwise, ending a lot of paragraphs with a question to lead into the next paragraph sounds cumbersome. NOTE This general structure does not imply that you should not be creative in your writing. Arranging where each element goes in a paragraph can make a paper more engaging for the reader. However, do not be too creative in experimenting with the narrative flow of paragraphs. To do so may distract from the main arguments of your research and weaken the quality of your academic writing. II. Development and Organization Before you can begin to determine what the composition of a particular paragraph will be, you must consider what is the most important idea that you are trying to convey to your reader. This is the "controlling idea," or the thesis statement from which you compose the remainder of the paragraph. In other words, your paragraphs should remind your reader that there is a recurrent relationship between your controlling idea and the information in each paragraph. The research problem functions like a seed from which your paper, and your ideas, will grow. The whole process of paragraph development is an organic one—a natural progression from a seed idea to a full-blown research study where there are direct, familial relationships in the paper between all of your controlling ideas and the paragraphs which derive from them. The decision about what to put into your paragraphs begins with brainstorming about how you want to pursue the research problem. There are many techniques for brainstorming but, whichever one you choose, this stage of paragraph development cannot be skipped because it lays a foundation for developing a set of paragraphs [representing a section of your paper] that describes a specific element of your overall analysis. Each section is described further in this writing guide. Given these factors, every paragraph in a paper should be Unified—All of the sentences in a single paragraph should be related to a single controlling idea [often expressed in the topic sentence of the paragraph]. Clearly related to the research problem—The sentences should all refer to the central idea, or the thesis, of the paper. Coherent—The sentences should be arranged in a logical manner and should follow a definite plan for development. Well-developed—Every idea discussed in the paragraph should be adequately explained and supported through evidence and details that work together to explain the paragraph's controlling idea. There are many different ways you can organize a paragraph. However, the organization you choose will depend on the controlling idea of the paragraph. Ways to organize a paragraph in academic writing include Narrative Tell a story. Go chronologically, from start to finish. Descriptive Provide specific details about what something looks or feels like. Organize spatially, in order of appearance, or by topic. Process Explain step by step how something works. Perhaps follow a sequence—first, second, third. Classification Separate into groups or explain the various parts of a topic. Illustrative Give examples and explain how those examples prove your point. Arnaudet, Martin L. and Mary Ellen Barrett. Paragraph Development A Guide for Students of English. 2nd edition. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice Hall Regents, 1990; On Paragraphs. The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University; Organization General Guidelines for Paragraphing. The Reading/Writing Center. Hunter College; The Paragraph. The Writing Center. Pasadena City College; Paragraph Structure. Effective Writing Center. University of Maryland; Paragraphs. Institute for Writing Rhetoric. Dartmouth College; Paragraphs. The Writing Center. University of North Carolina; Paragraphs. University Writing Center. Texas A&M University; Paragraphs and Topic Sentences. Writing Tutorial Services, Center for Innovative Teaching and Learning. Indiana University; Weissberg, Robert C. “Given and New Paragraph Development Models from Scientific English.” TESOL Quarterly 18 September 1984 485-500.

Now C and A both can be a starting sentence but the A is much more appropriate in this case. Now, E can follow A. C and B can be also in the sequence because the "they" of the B can be referred to the "many people" of the C. Also the BD arrangement is appropriate in this case due to the relationship between "satisfy" of B and "satisfaction" of D.

Sentence Order within Paragraphs concerns the organizational logic behind sentences in a can generally follow the logic of a discussion within a paragraph when a paragraphis unified by a single purposewhen sentences within paragraphs follow expected organizational frameworks problem to solution, chronological order, causal order.Paragraphs that lack a central idea and that wander from subject to subject are apt to confuse readers, making them wonder what they should pay attention to and why. In other words paragraphs are not a careless group of sentences about a common topic; rather, a logic informs the order of sentences within commonly use the the following organizational plans to organize sentences within paragraphsCoordinate OrderDeductive OrderInductive OrderTopic SentenceCoordinate OrderSentences that operate at the same hierarchical order in terms of abstractions are following a coordinate is an example of coordinate order, which was noted by Francis Christensen in Notes Toward a New Rhetoric NY Harper & Row, 1967 based on a paragraph by Bergen Evans’s in his book, Comfortable WordsHe [the native speaker] may, of course, speak a form of English that marks him as coming from a rural or an unread if he doesn’t mind being so marked, there’s no reason why he should Johnson kept a Staffordshire burr in his speech all his Burns’ mouth the despised lowland Scots dialect served just as well as the “correct” English spoken by ten million of his southern vocabulary and his way of pronouncing certain words were sneered at by many better educated people at the time, but he seemed to be able to use the English language as effectively as his OrderMost paragraphs in academic and technical discourse move deductively–that is, the first or second sentence presents the topic or theme of the paragraph and the subsequent sentences illustrate and explicate this is an example of deductive order, which Francis Christensen provides in Notes Toward a New Rhetoric NY Harper & Row, 1967 based on a paragraph he excerpted from he excerpted from Jacob Bronowski’s The Common Sense of ScienceThe process of learning is essential to our higher animals seek it are inquisitive and they experiment is a sort of harmless trial run of some action which we shall have to make in the real world; and this, whether it is made in the laboratory by scientists or by fox-cubs outside their scientist experiments and the cub plays; both are learning to correct their errors of judgment in a setting in which errors are not this is what gives them both their air of happiness and freedom in these activities.[ Deductive Order, Deductive Reasoning, Deductive Writing ]Inductive OrderWhile writers are under increasing pressure to organize information deductively, they can–and do–write paragraph follows an Inductive Order when the topic sentence, the main idea, is presented at the end of a paragraph. The inductive order is a good choice if the aim is to address controversial topics or emotional of novels expect to be delighted with surprise endings. In contrast, readers of nonfiction don’t expect the surprise ending, so they can be especially appreciative of a carefully constructed surprise. Note below, for example, the way Dianne Lynch surprises you with the line, “you are using the Internet to fight back”–a line in direct juxtaposition to the first 122 words of her short essay “Afghan Women Reach Out Via the Web.”You can’t laugh or talk aloud in public, and even your shoes must make no sound. Wearing cosmetics or showing your ankles is punishable by whipping; women have had their fingers amputated for wearing nail paint the windows of your house black so you cannot be seen from the outside. You are forbidden from walking on your balcony or in your backyard. It has been years since the sun shone on your face. And all public references to you have are a woman in Afghanistan today, living under the regime of the Islamic fundamentalist if you are one of the nearly 2,000 women who belong to The Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan, or RAWA, you are using the Internet to fight back.[ Inductive Order, Inductive Reasoning, Inductive Writing ]Interrogative OrderAsking an interrogative sentence– a sentence that asks a direct question and ends with a quotation mark, can be an engaging way to organize a paragraph. For example, consider how Valerie Steele’s anecdotal tone and dialogue in the opening sentences of her essay on fashion in academia prepare the reader for her thesisOnce, when I was a graduate student at Yale, a history professor asked me about my dissertation. “I’m writing about fashion,” I interesting. Italian or German?”It took me a couple of minutes, as thoughts of Armani flashed through my mind, but finally I realized what he meant. “Not fascism,” I said. “Fashion. As in Paris.”“Oh.” There was a long silence, and then, without another word, he turned and walked still has the power to reduce many academics to embarrassed or indignant silence. Some of those to whom I spoke while preparing this article requested anonymity or even refused to address the subject. “The F-Word.” Lingua Franca April 1991 17–18.Topic SentenceNotice, in particular, how Chris Goodrich cues readers to the purpose of his paragraph and article in the first sentence of his essay “Crossover Dreams”Norman Cantor, New York University history professor and author, most recently, of Inventing the Middle Ages, created a stir this spring when he wrote a letter to the newsletter of the American Historical Association declaring that “no historian who can write English prose should publish more than two books with a university press–one for tenure, and one for full professor After that or preferably long before work only in the trade market.” Cantor urged his fellow scholars to seek literary agents to represent any work with crossover potential. And he didn’t stop there As if to be sure of offending the entire academic community, Cantor added, “If you are already a full professor, your agent should be much more important to you than the department chair or the dean.”

^{Illustrateyour point with a story. Describe, compare, or contrast your topic. Give examples of what you are trying to explain. Define terms. Discuss an issue with the reader. If you want to move on to a new topic or describe the event that follows, it will be a good idea to start a new paragraph.}

Thismodel is pretty straightforward. Look at the section you’re writing the transition sentence for. Figure out what the main ideas in the section are, then reverse engineer one of them into a question. Plop that question right at the start of your section, and voila! Your transition sentence is done, just like that.

^{PARAGRAPH (1) Being generous by nature, the king offered them ä meal and treated them kindly. (2) In appreciation the king ordered a stew to be prepared for the feast in honour of the farmer. (3) The king welcomed them too and placed before each a bowl of water saying, This is the stew of the hare!”. (4) A few days later, a few people came} hxj5do.

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arrange the sentences below into a good paragraph